Astronomy and mathematics, physics, chemistry, geosciences, and biology form the basic discipline. Almost all of the world's leading universities have astronomy majors and research institutions.

   In recent years, astronomy has developed rapidly, and there are many large-scale scientific engineering projects at home and abroad, and there is a shortage of talents in astronomy. To this end, Shanghai Jiaotong University has attracted a group of outstanding Chinese and international astronomers from all over the world to join the school. In 2012, the Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics was established. After several years of rapid development, the Department of Astronomy was formally established in 2017.

   At present, there are 1 academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2 scholars of the Yangtze River, 1 national 10,000 planner, 5 national outstanding youth fund winners, and 1 national youth thousand plan winner.

   The astronomical system conducts theoretical research on galaxy formation and cosmic evolution, and participates in the observational research of international astronomical observation projects such as SKA, SDSS, and MS-DESI. The research strength of the galaxy cosmology direction is at the top level in China.

   In 2013, the Department of Physics of Shanghai Jiaotong University officially changed its name to the Department of Physics and Astronomy, becoming the first department of physics and astronomy in Chinese universities. In 2017, it officially changed its name to the School of Physics and Astronomy.